Flow of Control

Java Looping and Conditional Statements

Flow of control
- Sequential
  - Executes instructions in order
- Method Calls
  - Transfer control to the methods, then returns with or without value
- Selection
  - Executes different instructions depending on data
- Looping
  - Repeat a set of instructions for different data

Equality operators
- Used to determine if values of two expressions are equal or not equal
- Result is true or false
  - == Type is Binary, meaning “is equal to”
  - != Type is Binary, meaning “is not equal to”
- Example
  - (age == 39) means is age equal to 39, returns true or false
  - (age != 39) means is age not equal to 39, returns true or false
- Only use equality on primitive types, and not objects, results may be different
- Don’t confuse (equality operator) == with (assignment operator) =, they are different

Flow of control
- Sequential
  - Executes instructions in order
- Method Calls
  - Transfer control to the methods, then returns with or without value
- Selection
  - Executes different instructions depending on data
- Looping
  - Repeat a set of instructions for different data

Java Docs

What are the advantages of having an inner class in place of helper class?

The embedding of inner class into the outer class in the case when the inner class is to be used only by one class i.e. the outer class makes the package more streamlined. Nesting the inner class code where it is used (inside the outer class) makes the code more readable and maintainable.

The inner class shares a special relationship with the outer class i.e. the inner class has access to all members of the outer class and still have its own type is the main advantages of Inner class. Advantage of inner class is that they can be hidden from the other classes in the same package and still have the access to all the members (private also) of the enclosing class. So the outer class members which are going to be used by the inner class can be made private and the inner class members can be hidden from the classes in the same package. This increases the level of encapsulation.

More Java Questions and Answer.

Relational Operators

< binary “is less than”
> binary “is greater than”
<= binary “is less than or equal to”
>= binary “is greater than or equal to”

Logical Operators

! unary NOT
&& Binary AND
|| Binary OR
Operands must be Boolean expressions

Truth Table

Short circuit evaluation

Compiler starts evaluating from the left and moving to the right.
As soon as it can determine what the outcome is going to be, then it will terminate.
Example

if(10 < 11 && 11 == 11)

The compiler will stop evaluating after the 10 < 11

Boolean Expressions

De Morgan’s Law

!(A && B) == !A || !B
!(A || B) == !A && !B

Unary operators take precedence

!A || !B == (!A) || (!B)

Try to prove Morgan’s law using the truth table

If Statement

Used when program should perform an operation for one set of data, but do nothing for all other data.

Syntax:
if (condition)
    {
       //true block
      //executed if condition is true
    }

Curly braces are optional if true block contains only one statement.

import java.util.Scanner;
public class Grade
{
public static void main( String [] args )
{
   Scanner scan = new Scanner( System.in );
   System.out.print( "Enter a grade > " );
   int grade = scan.nextInt( );

   if ( grade >= 50 )
      System.out.println( "pass" );

   System.out.println( "Fail" );
}
}
Don’t put semi-colons after the condition

If Else Statement

Used when program should perform an operation when a condition is true for one set of data, and then do something else when the condition is false another set of data
Again, no need for curly braces if only one statement within condition

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Divid
{
   public static void main( String [] args )
{
    Scanner scan = new Scanner( System.in );
    System.out.print( "Enter the dividend > " );
    int dividend = scan.nextInt( );
   System.out.print( "Enter divisor > " );
   int divisor = scan.nextInt( );

   if ( divisor == 0 )
      System.out.println( "divide by zero" );
else
    System.out.println( dividend + " / " + divisor
   + " = " + ( dividend / divisor ) );
}
}

If Else If Statement

Used when program should perform an operation when a condition is true for one set of data, and then evaluate another operation when the first condition is false.

import java.util.Scanner;
public class Smallest
{
public static void main( String [] args )
{
     int smallest;
     int n1, n2, n3;
     Scanner scan = new Scanner( System.in );
     System.out.print( "Enter the first integer: " );
     num1 = scan.nextInt( );
     System.out.print( "Enter the second integer: " );
     num2 = scan.nextInt( );
     System.out.print( "Enter the third integer: " );
     num3 = scan.nextInt( );

     if ( n1 < n2 )
         smallest = n1;
    else
        smallest = n2;

    if ( n3 < smallest )
         smallest = n3;

    System.out.println( "The smallest is " + smallest );
   }
}

Nested if statements

Used when program should evaluate another condition when a condition evaluates to true
Examples of terminating nested if statements SEE SLIDES

Dangling Else

Generates compiler error

Testing techniques

A good test suite executes every statement in your program (could be exhaustive).

Comparing doubles/floats decimals

Give yourself a threshold
if(Math.abs(dbl1 – dbl2) < .0001) …

Comparing characters

Comparisons of characters are comparing the Unicode number of the character

Comparing objects

Comparisons of objects that do not override the Object.equals method are comparing the instance of object in memory, not the data of the object
compare objects use the equals method.

Comparing strings

Strings are objects, so use the equals method
You can also use equalsIgnoreCase are defined in the string class and compareTo – used for sorting

Conditional operator

A shortcut to simplify a simple if else statement
Example
String result = (testString == “help” ? “needs help” : “does not need help”);

Switch Statement

Only accepts character or integer (byte, short, or int) expression to constants of the same type.
Can group case statements
case 1:
case 2:
// do something
break;

Looping
- Learning how to repeat an action multiple times
- Event-controlled loops using while looping techniques
- Simple concepts/algorithms to implement looping and show syntax
- arrays require complex looping operations
- Type Safe Input using scanner
- Construct loop conditions
- Testing techniques - what's best
- do while -
- Count controlled - for loop versus while loop
- while loop occurs as long as a certain event is true, i.e an EOF is found.
- for loops are for the times when you know exactly how many; e.g. all even
#'s between 1-100. You know the limit so this calls for a for loop.
- Nested loops. sorting algorithms require three nested loop.

The Grocery Cashier (taken from Java 5 Illuminated text book)
- For every customer scan items until the divider is found. Then the cashier calculates total and the process restarts for the next customer.
- This is what we do for event controlled loops, i.e. stop scanning at divider, reinitialize for next customer.
- Start with an initial value and execute and adds the price to the total.

Looping
- Perform the same operations on multiple times.
- Initialize - start and do at least one time, i.e. add price to total at the end results, then exit and start a new customer.
- for while and do/while

The while loop
- If you don't know how many times you have then use a while loop. There needs to be an event to tell the loop to stop. i.e reading from a file and no more data in the file is an event to stop.
- This event or signal tells the execution to stop with a sentinel value or an end of file.

while loop flow of control
- Initialize variables - starting clean.
- Condition is evaluated at the beginning (must be boolean and be true or false) If false, exit the loop. If true execute the loop body which can be one or more valid java statements. Once this is finished re-evaluate the condition and if true continue to do the same thing and do that until it is
false.

while Loop Syntax
- Initialize before you start the loop. It's not a compiler error to not initialize but you may not get clean results.
- Put in boolean expression execute statements between curly braces when boolean becomes false, stop.
- Curly braces are not required if you have only one statement. Just put a semicolon at the end of the single statement.
- Not putting braces is correct but logically may make it difficult to read.
- tip: indent body of while loop. This makes it easier to read.

Some definitions.
- Iteration one execution of the body of the loop.
- Loop update. You always have to update the condition that gets evaluated or you get an infinite loop. This is a logical mistake the compiler does not catch this. For example, reading a value from the user. While this value does not equal -1. You need a read statement before the while loop so the condition can exist so you can start the loop. now in the loop, read a new value from the user so the loop can decide to continue or not.
- Loop termination - the event that causes the loop condition to evaluate to false.
- This code causes and endless loop.

int i = 0
while ( i < 10); //empty loop body
{
i++ //not in the loop body
}

- In your lifetime you will write an endless loop. So syntactically this is okay. The semicolon is an unintended logical error but you can write one of these and may need to.
- It's being busy waiting - you're busy but you're waiting.

Sentinel Controller while loop
- You always have priming read
- Use data item to get into the loop but don't forget to read again.
- Omitting the update read may result in an endless loop.
- Program prints 10 until it crashes because the initial read is not updated in the loop.
- Next case. There is no priming read

int input, count = 0;
//input is not initialized and will give you the value in the memory now
occupied by "input"

while (input != 10) //10 is sentinel
{
Systmeout enter integera
input = scan.NextInt;
count++
}

import java.util.Scanner;
public class Echo
{
    public static void main( String [] args )
   {
       final int SENTINEL = -1;
       int number;
       Scanner scan = new Scanner( System.in );
       // priming read
       System.out.print( "Enter an integer, or -1 to stop > " );
       number = scan.nextInt( );

       while ( number != SENTINEL )
       {
            // processing
            System.out.println( number );

            // update read
            System.out.print( "Enter an integer, or -1 to stop > " );
            number = scan.nextInt( );
       }
       System.out.println( "Sentinel value detected. Goodbye" );
   }
}

- Notice that SENTINEL is static. This could not be but it makes it more readable.

Reading from a text file.

initialize variables
while ( there is more data in the file)
{
read the next data item
process the data
}
report the results

- You know there is more data in the file as long as you don't have an EOF.

Setup for reading from a file

- file class (java.io package)
- File (String pathname) constructs a file objec with the file name pathname A scanner constructor for reading from a file Scanner ( File file ). Example:

File inputFile = new File( "input.txt" ) // not path indicates a relative path.

scanner can not scan from this:

Scanner scan = new Scanner( inputFile )
java.io does have to imported. only lang is automatically available.

Scanner Class hasNext Method
- Returns true if there is more data to read or false when it's gone. this eliminates the need for a priming read.
- IO exception throws IOException because with outside media the file may be transient. Java lets you know this can't work by giving this error.
- Always use this exception notice the main method ins this example is throwing the exception because the file is being declared in main. You will get a compiler error if there is IOException.
- This is a part of making your program reliable - to keep your program or computer from crashing.

Looping Techniques

Accumulation
- get a running total. get a set of values and keep adding together. Start with 0, add to the total

import java.util.Scanner;
public class Calculator
{
     public static void main( String [] args )
    {
       final int SENTINEL = 0;
       int number;
       int total = 0;
       Scanner scan = new Scanner( System.in );
       System.out.println( "Welcome.\n" );
       System.out.print( "Enter 1st #" + " or 0 for the total > " );
       number = scan.nextInt( );
       while ( number != SENTINEL )
       {
          total += number;
          System.out.print( "Enter the next number" + " or 0 for the total > " );
          number = scan.nextInt( );
       }

       System.out.println( "The total is " + total );
    }
}

- A logical error would be total = number and not total= total + number doing an average you would put in a counter for the number of entries and you put in an iterator and once out divide total by the count.
- What if user enters his name? scan.nextInt assumes users in well behaved we need to guard against user stupdity, you can do this in before the class. You can test before you assign it to score. You can ask them to reenter.
- line 42 you need to check to make sure CountScores is not 0 because it's the divisor and you can't divide by 0.
- If you divide int/int you get an integer. You need to typecast the
result to a double to get this correct.

double average = (double) (tot)/(count);
What's the difference between this:
double average = (double) (tot)/(count);
and this?
double avg = tot/(double)count;
These are not the same:
remember int tot,count

you typecast either tot or count and get the same thing but you can't typecast the third one and it doesn't produce correct:

tot = 90 count = 7

1. avg = 90/7.0 so you get 12.15
2. avg = 90.0/7 so you get 12.15
3. avg = (90/7) so you get 12.0 so you lose the 1.5

Finding Maximum and minimum.
- Reading numbers and getting max/min
- Read first item and consider it to be max and compare each new one against max if less than then you switch.

Example Menu Program
- Endless loop because of the conditions which are always S or s. So you need to do Demorgan's law and then test against the negation.

The do/while loop syntax
- You always gain one statement. The body of the loop is executed at least once.
- Test at the end of the condition.

The for loop
- When you know the number of interactions.
- The for Loop Syntax

for (initialization; loop condition; loop update)
{
// loop body.
}

- You can have one or more statements in the initialization phase. It can be any statement.
- Loop update can be any statement
- First execute initial then do it ONCE. Then test condition if true do the body, if false stop, first iteration of the body you go and do the loop update and check the loop body, update, condition
- All three parts are option but all semicolons are required
This loop for(;;) is a valid loop - this is the "for" ever for loop. This is for event controlled looping.
- You can also do this: monitoring a telephone line:

for (;;)
{ do stuff }

In program do an if statement that will tell it how to exit. but you keep looping for ever.
Phone switch monitors all of its lines but it checks serially if it's off. There is a nanosecond delay. That's a forever loop that breaks when you request service by picking up the phone.

Example 1 Find Sum of 100 integers

import java.util.Scanner;
public class Sum100Numbers
{
    public static void main( String [] args )
    {
        int total = 0; // stores the sum of the 5 numbers
        int number; // stores the current input
        Scanner scan = new Scanner( System.in );
        for ( int i = 1; i <= 100; i++ )
        {
            System.out.print( "Enter an integer > " );
            number = scan.nextInt( );
            total += number; // add input to total
        }
        System.out.println( "The total is " + total );
    }
}

Example 2

public class EvenNumber
{
    public static void main( String [] args )
    {
        String toPrint = "";
        for ( int i = 0; i <= 20; i += 2 )
       {
            toPrint += i + " ";
       }
        System.out.println( toPrint );
    }
}

- Increment does not have to go by just one can be more, could be reading from a file, could be decrement.
- Condition part must be a boolean.

% Example 3

import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
public class Backwards
{
    public static void main( String [] args )
    {
        String original, backwards = "";
        original = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( null,"Enter a sentence" );
        for ( int i = original.length( ) - 1; i >= 0; i-- )
        {
            backwards += original.charAt( i );
        }
       JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null,
                            "The sentence backwards is: " + backwards );
    }
}

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